The Indian Mutiny of 1857, also known as the Indian Rebellion of 1857 or the First War of Independence, was one of the most significant uprisings against British rule in India. It marked a dramatic shift in the relationship between Britain and the Indian subcontinent and reshaped the future of colonial governance. Background: Growing Tension Before 1857, India was largely controlled by the British East India Company, a trading company that had gradually taken political and military control of vast territories. Through conquest, alliances, and policies such as the Doctrine of Lapse — which allowed the Company to annex states without a direct male heir — many Indian rulers lost their kingdoms. Economic policies also created deep resentment. Traditional industries declined due to British manufactured goods flooding Indian markets. Heavy taxation burdened farmers, and many landlords lost their land. There was also religious and cultural tension. Many Indians believed that British pol...